While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. 1. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Guilleminault et al. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. . Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). How does hypnosis work? This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Weakness and fatigue. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. . Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. 22. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Add a comment. B) the cause of the problem. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). 2. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. d. both b and c. 2. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Loss of appetite. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). They were ALL my fault. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Abnormal Motor Behavior. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. 1. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. Feeling tired. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Ebola virus disease - World Health Organization Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Reduced urine. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). Loss of appetite. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. PSY 352 Health Psy Quiz 1 - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 - StuDocu Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation.

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