How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. 2.2.1.3. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? d. case studies. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? d. psychotropic treatment. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? If I do X, then Y will happen. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. 31. 103. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. c. neurons. A patient has social anxiety disorder. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. d. fixation. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. ABNORMAL CHAPTER 3 - Subjecto.com Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. c. deep brain stimulation. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. c. The receiving neurons fire. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. c. operant conditioning. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. d. classical conditioning. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? b. modeling. 34. Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards - Easy Notecards According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. b. dendrites. d. flight of ideas. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. Freud said this resistance revealed where issues persisted. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. Think of it as an If-Then statement. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. The brain. 12. c. neurotransmitters. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. 165. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. The humanistic perspective. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. b. hypotheses. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Don't worry. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. d. humanistic. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. 1. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. What about other students in the class that you know? A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. 19. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. 88. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. What if? Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Dealing with anxiety. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). Thats all right. b. a distorted view of the self. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. What are some issues facing the biological model? Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. c. operant conditioning. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. Bertha (Anna O.) Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. b. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. PDF CHAPTER 71 Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. bodily sensations. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. d. existential. b. negative transference. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? 78. c. superego. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. b. brain stimulation. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. 37. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. c. existential. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? Electroconvulsive therapy. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. All of the models include an element of the biological model. 114. c. ego. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. d. psychodynamic. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. This is an example of: a. shaping. a. modeling In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. 86. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. You are doing your best. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? b. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. d. Bandura. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. a. gestalt The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. a. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. Over time I learned that attention was good. This thought is an example of: a. depression. Figure 2.10. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. 120. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. c. unconditional positive regard. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. 109. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). a. modeling. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. 93. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? 67. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder?

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