The end of the Renaissance period marked the transition of the continent from the medieval to the early modern era in Europe. J. BURCKHARDT, THE CIVILIZATION OF THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY (1954). The severe building and the high tower provide a menacing view of justice, and the forms of surveillance and control that operated in the city. Crime and Punishment in Islam "When he was dead his body was not placed with the bodies of the brethren, but a grave was dug in the dung pit, and his body was flung down into it. 5 Jun. Tiepolo saw the responsibility of law in its relationship to correction and punishment. Posted by ; new businesses coming to republic, mo; Ercole has seen it all as a birro or cop under the Medici dukes. Shakespeare GRIM. Crime and Punishment The Russian Empire at its greatest extent in 1865. Il popolamento urbano tra Medioevo e Rinascimento (secoli XIIIXVI), Ginzburg, C., Deciphering the Sabbath, in, Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath, Legal Discourse: Studies in Linguistics, Rhetoric and Legal Analysis, Ravishing Maidens: Writing Rape in Medieval French Literature and Law, Lucca under many Masters: A Fourteenth-century Italian Commune in Crisis (13281342), I servitori domestici della casa borghese toscana nel basso medievo, Histoires, annales, chroniques: essai sur les genres historiques au Moyen Age, Gundersheimer, W. L., Crime and punishment in Ferrara, 14401500, in, Violence and Civil Disorder in Italian Cities, 12001500, Hanawalt, B. minimum possible in the given circumstances, proportionate to the crime, and deter - mined by the law.1. XIV, when so much of it is invention: history and literature, A late medieval lawyer confronts slavery: the cases of Bartolomeo de Bosco, Speaking of Slavery: Color, Ethnicity and Human Bondage in Italy, Aspetti e problemi della presenza ebraica nell'Italia centro-settentrionale (secoli XIV e XV), La deposizione di Ges nel sepolcro e il problema del divieto di sepoltura per i condannati, Fonti medioevali e problematica storiografica, Gli ebrei nell'Italia meridionale dall'et romana al secolo XVIII, La rappresentazione della morte sul patibolo nella liturgia fiorentina della congregazione dei Neri, Donna Aldonza di Santapau: notizie cavate da documenti inediti, Fraher, R. M., Preventing crime in the High Middle Ages: the medieval lawyers search for deterrence', in, Popes, Teachers and Canon Law in the Middle Ages, The Lex Aquilia as a source of law for Bartolus and Baldus, Le streghe di Buriasco e di Cumiana (13141336), Bollettino storico-bibliografico subalpino, De grace especial: Crime, tat et socit en France la fin du Moyen Age, Healers and Healing in Early Modern Italy, L'Italia delle citt. History, from early Egyptian and Mesopotamian times to the twen- Our investigation of forms of punishments concludes with a discussion of branding, mutilation, and whipping, and of execution. lvi D, GUCCERELLI, STRADARIO STORICO DELLA CITTA DI FIRENZE 25859 (1928), Marvin E. Wolfgang (Professor of Criminology and of Law), You can also search for this author in Select 5 - Consilia, Select PART TWO - DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS, Consilia criminalia celeberrimi ac prestantissimi utriusque juris illuminatoris domini Bartholomei Cepole Veronensis, Consilia questiones et tractatus Bartoli cum additionibus novis, Consilia domini Benedicti Caprae et Ludovici de Bologninis, Johannis Calderini et Gasparis eius filii ed Dominici de Sancto Geminiano Consilia, Consilia ac questiones famosissimi utriusque iuris monache domini Signoroli de Homodeis, Codex statutorum magnifice communitatis atque dicaesis Alexandrinae, Statuti di Ascoli Piceno del'anno MCCCLXXVII, Capitula, statuta et ordinamenta [civitatis Ast], Gli statuti del Comune di Bologna degli anni 1352, 1357, 1376, 1389 (Libri IIII), Le addictiones agli statuti di Cuneo del 1380, Statuto di Deruta in volgare dell'anno 1465, Statuto del Capitano del Popolo degli anni 13221325, Bollettino storico-bibiografico subalpino, Statuta civitatis Mutine anno 1327 reformata, Decretorum Montisferrati antiquorum et novorum collectio, Constitutiones regni Siciliae per Andream de Ysernia comentatae, Statuta communis Parmae ab anno MCCLXVI ad annum circiter MCCCIV, Consuetudini e statuti Reggiani del secolo XIII, Antiche consuetudini delle citt di Sicilia, Cronaca di Niccol di Borbona delle cose dell'Aquila, dall'anno 1363 all'anno 1424, in Antiquitates italicae medii aevi, Cronica gestorum et factorum memorabilium civitatis Bononie edita a fratre Hyeronimo de Bursellis, Le cronache bresciane inedite dei secoli XVXIX, Diario ferrarese dall'anno 1476 sino al 1502 di autori incerti, Diario ferrarese dall'anno 1476 sino al 1504, Cronaca fiorentina di Marchionne di Coppo Stefani. The book contains studies of the most frequent types of prosecuted crime such as violence, theft and insult, along with the rarely prosecuted sorcery and sex crimes. PubMedGoogle Scholar, 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York, Wolfgang, M.E. The Renaissance is considered the rebirth after the middle ages, which was known for its various types of torture. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. comic book publishers accepting submissions 2022 Likes ; brady list police massachusetts Followers ; nurse injector training Followers ; transfer apple health data to samsung Subscriptores ; night shift vs overnight shift Followers ; big joe's funeral questions and answers 555 (1954). Law and Punishment in Early Renaissance Venice. Kinzelbach, Annemarie They usually brought their own police force with them which made them all the less popular. I am Valerio Viale, originally from Rome, Italy, and, since October 2019, permanently relocated to Los Angeles, California. The historiography therefore tends to fall into one of these two categories: the history of the judicial process (the courts, their jurisdiction, forms and frequency of punishment) and the history of individuals and social groups or practices as viewed through the lens of indictments and witness testimony. L. & Criminology 567 (1990-1991) 0091-4169/90/8103-567 THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. sophia bush chad michael murray wedding photos; hexo corp work from home; bts world card list with pictures; tsm salary league of legends Unable to display preview. 2.019 - CLINICA ERA todos los Derechos Reservados. We're sorry, but we can't find the page you were looking for. Professor Corti is as known as the chief paleographer contributing to 1. A. HAUSER, THE PHILOSOPHY OF ART HISTORY 27576 (1959). 53, 1945). We will also consider ways in which punishments were 'spectacular' and the possible motives for these. People were beheaded and limbs cut off, vagabonds were often whipped and chained in stocks. During the 14th and 15th centuries in Florence, crimes were defined by and punishment came to be mitigated by substitution of deprivation of liberty alone. (Source 1) 4. Crime and Punishment: Voltaire (1694-1778) | SpringerLink Their internal organs were ripped out then burned while keeping the alleged witch alive. crime and punishment in the italian renaissance It means that whatever gained from reading compilation will be long last grow old investment. The name Le Stinche was applied first to the castle of the noble Cavalcanti family, then to the city prison, and presently only to a small Florentine street. The Renaissance: Crime & Punishment The Renaissance is considered the rebirth after the middle ages, which was known for its various types of torture. Full text views reflects the number of PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views for chapters in this book. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 104, 10709 (1926). No. Penology (from "penal", Latin poena, "punishment" and the Greek suffix -logia, "study of") is a sub-component of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences.. 585 The Vikings Discover America, ca. The Wooden Horse Interrogation And Multiple Crimes. L. LANDUCCI, DIARIO FIORENTINO DAL 1450 AL 1516 (1883). N, MACHIAVELLI, OPERE 1076 (Milano n.d.). Stang, stecco brocco. (Others, perhaps from the German, Stengel: leggings, pedals, trunk; or from the Celtic Gallic, Stang: dry twig.) IV N. TOMMASEO SC B. BELLINI, DIZIONARIO DELLA LINGUA ITALIANA 1216 (1872). [21]The imprisonment rates in Italy are 100 people per 100,000 people. , #applemaps #comunedifirenze #travelapps #visitflorence #visititaly #visititalia #cittadifirenzeufficiale #trento #universityofexeter #livinghistory #trentoturismo #exeter #englishheritage #visitexeter #historicengland #nationaltrust #tudorhistory #visitrento #tripadvisor #hamburgworld #visitdeventer #visitvalencia #visittrentino #visittrento #visithamburg, https://hiddenflorence.org/stories/politics-and-people/3-crime-and-punishment/, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Niccolo Tommaseo and Bernardo Bellini suggest: Altri forse dal ted. This period is identified by battles and conquests. This story highlights the crime and punishment in the Middle Ages. Council Bull. Strocchia, Sharon T. Death Rites and the Ritual Family in Renaissance Florence. LA TORTURA GIUDIZIARIA NEL DIRITTO COMUNE (1953). A brief composite of documentary references to the torture of Machiavelli may be found in Wolfgang, Political Crimes and Punishments in Renaissance Florence, 44 J. CRIM. A Sudden Frenzy: Improvisation, Orality, and Power in Renaissance Italy These crimes were committed on a daily basis. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. In this important study, Trevor Dean examines the history of crime and criminal justice in Italy from the mid-thirteenth to the end of the fifteenth century. Incarceration as a form of criminal punishment is "a comparatively recent episode in Anglo-American jurisprudence," according to historian Adam J. Hirsch. Becker, Culture Case Study and Greek History: Comparison Vowed Sociologically, 23 Am. Crime and Punishment - Kathy Elgin - Google Books Begging was a serious crime during the Renaissance and with the poor people not obtaining the amount of food needed, they were beaten as a harsh punishment (Elizabethan Crime and Punishment). Commoners crimes included theft, poaching, forgers, cut purses, adultery, fraud, begging, debtors, and dice coggers. Examines the evolution of the criminal trial, issues of judicial corruption, the trends in criminalization, prosecution and actuality in post-plague society, women and crime, revenge, and punishment. The Oxford English Dictionary defines The justice system during the Renaissance divided criminal activity into two general categories: crimes against persons and crimes against property. Cesare Beccaria - Wikipedia F. Flamini, LA LIRICA TOSCANA DEL RINASCIMENTO 546 (1891). the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania. Le blasphme dans la France mdivale (XIIIeXVIe sicles): du pch au crime, Ricerche sull'amminstrazione della vicaria di Massa alla fine del XIV secolo, Governare a modo e stillo de Signori . of your Kindle email address below. The idea of imprisonment as punishment per se and without corporal punishment was created and cultivated within the cultural context of Renaissance Florence. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 533 (1950). Witches would be ignored and stoned throughout their daily lives. Torture was the most common form of punishment in the Middle Ages, only being abolished in England in 1640. 555, 56667 (1954). Life in a Christian Monastery, ca. Flames Restaurant Menu, A. The central prison of Le Stinche, an Italian word for "shinbone" replaced, in the fourteenth century, a variety of decentralized prison institutions across the city, and was initially associated with the dominance of the Guelf faction of papal supporters over the Ghibelline imperialists in Florence. Fourteenth-century Venice was an unusual city, perhaps the wealthiest in Western Europe. In Italy as in France reformers were appearing; one group in Milan, called L'Accademia dei Pugni and heavily influenced by the writings of the French philosophes, came together in the early 1760s. Trespassing results in hanging. 1. This resurgence continued until 1527, when Holy Roman Emperor . A. As outlined in AUSVELS, this will include investigating different kinds of crime and punishment utilised and the ways the nature of crime and punishment has either stayed the same throughout history, or changed over time. Roman and Greek law stated that only slaves were allowed to be tortured, eventually the laws changed and free men were tortured and imprisoned for committing crimes. 1920, English Puritans, Quakers, Dissenters, and Recusants, Japan and Europe: the Christian Century, 1549-1650, Monarchy in Renaissance and Reformation Europe, Female, Netherlands (Dutch Revolt/ Dutch Republic), The, Platonism, Neoplatonism, and the Hermetic Tradition, Reformation and Hussite Revolution, Czech, Reformation and Wars of Religion in France, The, Reformations and Revolt in the Netherlands, 15001621. . please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. The Rise and Fall of the Borgia Family - ThoughtCo gall. The Middle Age era was known for inhumane punishments for crime and exploitation of the commoners. GRIM. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. crime and punishment in the italian renaissance Crime and Justice at the Millennium pp 365381Cite as, This paper centers attention on available records that best reflect the sentiments and behavioral manifestations of those sentiments concerned with the treatment of criminal offenders in Florence, Italy, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (Source 1) 2. Sellin, The House of Correction for Boys in the Hospice of St. Michael in Rome, 20 J. CRIM. n.d.)). Web. do ganni boots run true to size crime and punishment in the italian renaissance. Ending in 1485, the era paved the way for what is recognized as the Medieval era. 2014. (Wikimedia Commons) Historical & Political Context. The cultural setting of Renaissance Florence is outlined briefly emphasizing the political structure, guild organization, and artistic advancement of the period. The records have provided the historical sociologist with details regarding definite periods of imprisonment, the use of deterrence, and even of rehabilitation as a rationale for punishment. Verbal duelling in mid-sixteenth-century Italy, in, Legge, pratiche e conflitti: tribunali e risoluzione delle dispute nella Toscana del XII secolo, Wodak, R., The discourse-historical approach, in, Images of Rape: The Heroic Tradition and its Alternatives, Le schiave orientali a Firenze nei secoli XIV e XV, Il diritto e la procedura criminale nel Tractatus de maleficiis di Angelo Gambiglioni, L'amministrazione della giustizia penale nella repubblica fiorentina: aspetti e problemi, Giustizia criminale e criminalit nell'Italia del tardo medioevo: studi e prospettive di ricerca, Zorzi, A. crime and punishment in the italian renaissance ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Carceri d'invenzione, often translated as Imaginary Prisons, is a series of 16 etchings by the Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 14 produced from c. 1745 to 1750, when the first edition of the set was published.All depict enormous subterranean vaults with stairs and mighty machines, in rather extreme versions of the capriccio, a favourite Italian genre of architectural fantasies; the . It should be recalled that the Lombards were one of the Teutonic tribes that invaded and settled in the Po Valley between 568 and 774. History, from early Egyptian and Mesopotamian times to the twen- They included verbal violence, assault, murder, and sexual violence. 7. crime and punishment in the italian renaissance Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. They included verbal violence, assault, murder, and sexual violence. 555 (1954), and Wolfgang, Socio-Economic Factors Related to Crime and Punishment in Renaissance Florence,47 J. Punishments During The Renaissance - 153 Words | Bartleby ORIGO, THE MERCHANT OF PRATO (1957). In treason, felony, or other unconfessed crimes, the person will be hung and chopped up and buried. 1. [5] 2014. Violence figures above all, but subdivided into its various types or victims (vengeance, women, children, poisoning, for example) and with verbal assault now added to physical assault. long coat german shepherd breeders uk Id. Web. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Medieval Crime And Punishment Essay 879 Words | 4 Pages. (eds) Crime and Justice at the Millennium. Barco, John E. The lack of consistency makes it difficult to differentiate the cities and time periods, however. Petrarch was a poet and scholar whose humanist philosophy set the stage for the Renaissance. november 7, 2020 . The stocks were a wooden frame with holes for the persons arms and sometimes legs. Italian Renaissance (1330-1550) quizzes about important details and events in every section of the book. Central to understanding the Florentine innovation of imprisonment as a sanction is the relationship between time, money, and punishment. Consequently, there are no documents of commitments to the prison in 1304 when the first prisoners were housed there. 2014 Public Broadcasting Service. (Wikimedia Commons) Historical & Political Context After the devastation of Kievan Rus' by Turkic tribes and its fall to the 'Mongol yoke,' the Russian region developed in isolation from Europe between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. This story highlights the crime and punishment in the Middle Ages. Commerce enriched and empowered regions in which the feudal system had not taken a strong hold, especially in northern Italy. The Heretics Fork Opposing The Catholic Church. Ercole, 1566: The Cop. Punishments for crimes were very harsh. Revista dedicada a la medicina Estetica Rejuvenecimiento y AntiEdad. The book contains studies of the most frequent types of prosecuted crime such as violence, theft and insult, along with the rarely prosecuted sorcery and sex crimes. Mindset On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings (Lorenzo Da Ponte Italian Library) - Kindle edition by Beccaria, Cesare, Aaron Thomas, Bryan Stevenson, Parzen, Jeremy, Thomas, Aaron. The Middle Ages and Renaissance ( = Interactive) Life in a Christian Monastery, ca. The power and influence of the king over crime and punishment grew- the king decided penalties rather than local communities. Similarly, the records of criminal trials seem to provide us with direct access to the words and actions of all kinds of subaltern groups, from laborers and artisans to servants and slaves; yet how far these words and actions have been shaped by the dictates of judicial processing remains uncertain. In their classic tome Crime And Punishment In The Middle Ages, Albrecht Classen and Connie Scarborough mention a few non-violent punishment methods that would raise eyebrows in the penal system today -- primarily, that criminals were forced to wear terrifying animal masks around town or in the stocks, presumably to frighten babies. 2018. In order to avoid biassed rulings, the podest was a professional lawyer hired in from another part of Italy. 2, Scienza del diritto e societ medievale, I fatti e il diritto: tra le certezze e i dubbi dei giuristi medievali (secoli XIIIXIV), La crudelt nelle novelle italiane del 500: qualche spunto, Atti dell'Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti, Bibliothque d'Humanisme et de Renaissance, Le duel dans la socit franaise des XVIeXVIIe sicles, Criminalit ed emarginazione a Brescia nel primo Quattrocento, The medieval comune and internal violence: police power and public safety in Siena, 12871355, Lucca 14301494: The Reconstruction of an Italian City-Republic, Un monde mditerranen: Economie et socit en Sicile 13001450, Bulletin of the Society for Renaissance Studies, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe, Intermarriage between Christians and Jews in medieval canon law, Storia di Savona dalle origini ai nostri giorni, Marino Calcagni, legum doctor: un sammarinese fra Montefeltro e Malatesti (14271464), I publici latrones nella citt e nel contado di Firenze a met Trecento, Italia medievale: struttura e geografia delle fonti scritte, Il Tractatus de cicatricibus di Francesco Albergotti attribuito a Bartolo da Sassoferrato, Caprioli, S. La miscellanea romana dell'Archivio di Stato (MS 1004), in, Studi sulle quaestiones civilistiche disputate nelle universit medievali, Magia e stregoneria nella Toscana del Trecento, L'amministrazione del contado lucchese nel 400: il Capitano del contado, Aspetti della criminalit nel contado lucchese intorno alla met del 1400, secondo i registri del Capitaneus comitatus, Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy, Signori, contadini, borghesi: ricerche sulla societ italiana del basso Medioevo, I banchieri ebrei in Firenze nel secolo XV e il Monte di Piet fondato da Girolamo Savonarola, Anatomy of the Novella: The European Tale Collection from Boccaccio and Chaucer to Cervantes, The Crossroads of Justice: Law and Culture in Late Medieval France, Towards a history of European physical sensibility: pain in the later Middle Ages, Criminality and the state in Renaissance Florence, 13441466, Women in the Streets: Essays on Sex and Power in Renaissance Italy, Creating the Florentine State: Peasants and Rebellion, 13481434, Apetitus libidinis coherceatur. Council Bull. Georgia Clarke and Fabrizio Nevola, Special Issue of I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance, 2013, http://www.sbas.fi.it/english/musei/bargello/, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Florence, the beating heart of Renaissance Italy But what was life really like in the the 15th and 16th centuries? is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings and This is a collection of academic journal articles on various aspects of crime and punishment in Renaissance Italy. Wolfgang, Political Crimes and Punishments in Renaissance Florence, 44 J. CRIM. During the Dark Ages and the Renaissance, Europe's monarchs often resorted to torture and executions. Abstract This paper centers attention on available records that best reflect the sentiments and behavioral manifestations of those sentiments concerned with the treatment of criminal offenders in Florence, Italy, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The two works cited here provide two different kinds of entres into this topic: thematic history (Dean 2001), and links to Internet sites and sources (Legal History on the Web). Cade_Kunze51Tgf on Twitter: "A Convert's Tale: Art, Crime, and Jewish The reason is obvious: comprehensive overviews require proficiency in many languages and expertise in the historiographies of many countries, regions, and centers. Somos una revista Mdico Cientifica en el rea esttica dedicada 100% a llevar el conocimiento del estudio a la prctica. As defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word corruption means guilty of dishonest practices, as bribery; lacking integrity; wicked, and evil. santos executive team. REV. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on The Spanish Boot Interrogation Of Prisoners. Vous etes ici: westley allan dodd cause of death how to use account credit on mindbody mosin nagant bolt handle kit utility hooks 16" hook to fit over concrete walls crime and punishment in the italian renaissance westley allan dodd cause of death how to use account credit on mindbody mosin nagant bolt handle kit utility hooks 16" hook to fit (2002). As Giovanni says, you are standing in front of the site that was most closely associated with criminal justice and punishment in pre-Modern Florence; and incidentally, right by you in the huge baroque building was the city court, only relocated to a new home in 2013. Renaissance Crime And Punishment Research Paper. The concept of incarcerating a person as punishment for a crime was a relatively novel idea at the time. The Renaissance first began in Tuscany and was centered on the republics of Siena and Florence after the decimation left in the wake of the Black Death. This article surveys all these aspects across Western Europe in the period of the Renaissance and Reformation, which is here taken to be the two centuries from 1350 to 1550. A collection of digitized editions of texts concerning the study of Britain and its place in the world during the Medieval and early modern period (c. 1100-1800). Gottschalk, The Historian and the Historical Document,in THE USE OF PERSONAL Documents IN HISTORY, ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY 1527 (Soc. During the 14th and 15th centuries in Florence, crimes were defined by and punishment came to be mitigated by substitution of deprivation of liberty alone. Shaming portraits. Punishment serves to deter others from committing crimes, and to prevent the criminal from repeating his crime. Crimes against persons were very common during the Renaissance. Italian Renaissance - Da Vinci, Galileo & Humanism - HISTORY Execution- Elizabethan Style.PBS, 2003. 555, 56667 (1954). This data will be updated every 24 hours. A. HAUSER, THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF ART 10 (1957). Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. Primary sources for humanities: Medieval & Renaissance - Monash University The country uses fines along with imprisonment as a form of punishment. History, Economics. Becker, Culture Case Study and Greek History: Comparison Viewed Sociologically, 23 AM. Shame, as Giovanni says, the loss of reputation (fama) was a very heavy penalty to bear. Sav Fobbs - Ortiz Ms. Jackson-Peterson Literature 11 February, 2018 Crime And Punishment During Renaissance England Crime during the renaissance in England was viewed severely and one was not considered "innocent until proven guilty" but, depending upon the crime people were pre-judged by the society who supported the governing bodies and consequently the penalty preceded both the trial . Crime And Punishment In The Renaissance. This statement is an adaptation of an earlier assertion in a different context found in Merton, Science Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England,IV OSIRIS 360, 414 (1938). and Soc. The cities of Italy prospered during the late Middle Ages, serving as trading posts connecting Europe to the Byzantine Empire and the Moslem world via the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio lived through the plague as it ravaged the city of Florence in 1348.

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